Unveiling the Intricacies of Acute Coronary Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Management Strategies

Abstract

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) represents a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from unstable angina to Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). This review article provides a comprehensive overview of ACS, focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and prognosis. The pathophysiology of ACS involves the disruption of coronary blood flow due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion, leading to thrombus formation and myocardial ischemia. Clinical presentation varies but often includes chest pain or discomfort, with ECG changes and cardiac biomarker elevation aiding in diagnosis. Diagnostic approaches encompass clinical evaluation, electrocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, and imaging modalities, guiding timely intervention strategies such as pharmacotherapy and invasive procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Prognosis rates depend on multiple factors including the type of ACS, patient demographics, and comorbidities. Despite advancements in management, challenges persist, highlighting the importance of ongoing research and multidisciplinary collaboration to optimize outcomes in ACS patients. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge and provide insights into future directions for ACS research and clinical practice.